Martyr 1st century

Martyrs Gervasius Nazarius, Protasius, and Celsus of Milan

Also known as Nazarius · Gervasius · Protasius · Celsus

Nazarius preached Christ in Gaul and Milan and suffered with the young Celsus; the twin brothers Gervasius and Protasius of Milan are commemorated with them.

Feast Day
October 14
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Commemorated as

The Holy Martyrs Nazarius, Gervasius, Protasius, and Celsus of Milan

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Life

Nazarius, Gervasius, Protasius, and Celsus are four early martyrs associated with Milan and venerated together in the Eastern Orthodox Church on October 14. The tradition surrounding them sets their suffering during the reign of the emperor Nero (54-68), though the surviving accounts are legendary in form and the precise dates cannot be established from the historical record. The four are linked in the tradition both by their connection to Milan and by the later discovery of their relics through Ambrose, bishop of that city.

Gervasius and Protasius were held to be twin brothers of Milan, while Nazarius was a traveling preacher who took the young boy Celsus as his companion. Their cult is among the earliest attested in northern Italy, and the recovery of their relics in the late fourth century gave them a prominent place in the church life of Milan.

Timeline 3 moments Read Hide
  1. 1st century (by tradition) Martyrdom at Milan The tradition holds that Gervasius and Protasius, twin brothers of Milan, were imprisoned, scourged, and beheaded. Nazarius, baptized at Rome by Bishop Linus, preached through Lombardy and into Gaul with the young Celsus before both were arrested again and beheaded at Milan. The accounts place these events under Nero, while some scholars have proposed later persecutions.
  2. 386 Discovery of the relics of Gervasius and Protasius Ambrose, bishop of Milan, recovered the relics of Gervasius and Protasius outside the city near the cemetery church of Saints Nabor and Felix. He described the remains as those of two men of unusual stature, with intact bones and much blood, and had them translated into his new basilica.
  3. after 395 Discovery of the relics of Nazarius and Celsus In the last years of his life, after the death of the emperor Theodosius, Ambrose found the bodies of Nazarius and Celsus in a garden outside Milan. According to the account, the blood of Nazarius was still liquid and red when the body was exhumed. Ambrose sent relics to Paulinus of Nola.

Contributions & Legacy

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Lives and Tradition

Gervasius and Protasius were, by tradition, the twin sons of Vitalis of Milan, a man of consular rank martyred at Ravenna, and of Valeria, who died for her faith at Milan. The narrative recounts that the brothers were imprisoned, scourged, and beheaded for their confession of Christ.

Nazarius was a Roman whose mother, named Perpetua in the tradition, was Christian, while his father was Jewish or pagan; the Orthodox synaxarion names the father Africanus. Baptized by Bishop Linus, he left Rome and preached in Lombardy, visiting Piacenza and Milan, where the tradition connects him with Gervasius and Protasius. Traveling into Gaul, he taught and baptized the boy Celsus, said to be about nine years old, who became his companion through journeys in the Alps, at Embrun, Geneva, and Trier. Arrested repeatedly for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods, Nazarius and Celsus were said to have returned to Milan, where they were arrested once more and beheaded.

The narrative details preserved in the tradition are legendary in character and lack firm historical foundation; Paulinus of Nola, an early witness, recorded that the exact date of the martyrdom of Nazarius was unknown.

Relics & Shrines

The relics of Gervasius and Protasius, recovered by Ambrose in 386, were transferred first to the Basilica of Fausta and then to Ambrose's new basilica, today the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio. In 835 Bishop Angilbert II placed the relics in a porphyry sarcophagus, which was rediscovered in January 1864.

The relics of Nazarius and Celsus, found by Ambrose after 395, were associated with Milanese churches dedicated to the two martyrs, including San Nazaro Maggiore and Santa Maria presso San Celso. Ambrose distributed portions of the relics, sending some to Paulinus of Nola.

Commemoration

The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates the four martyrs together on October 14. In the Western calendar the translation of the relics of Gervasius and Protasius is kept on June 19, while Nazarius and Celsus are observed on July 28.

Notes

Pre-schism Western saints; named group kept as one row.

Sources: OCA Synaxarion (oca.org), Lives of the Saints