4th century
A desert father of the Egyptian Thebaid who from youth devoted himself to asceticism and gathered around him a community of some five hundred monks.
Our Venerable Father Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt
Apollonius was a desert father of the Egyptian Thebaid who from his youth devoted himself to the ascetic life. According to the synaxarion, he withdrew into the inner Thebaid desert of Lower Egypt at the age of fifteen and spent forty years in monastic struggles before, under divine direction, establishing a monastery near Hermopolis.
His community drew approximately five hundred monks, who followed his example of spiritual struggle. He kept a rigorous discipline of fasting, taking cooked food only on Sundays and otherwise subsisting on wild plants and vegetation throughout the week. He died during the fourth century, and his feast is celebrated on March 31.
The synaxarion records that Apollonius maintained an extremely rigorous discipline of fasting. He took cooked food only on Sundays; throughout the remainder of the week he subsisted on wild plants and vegetation.
The monks of his community followed his example, engaging in the same spiritual struggles within the monastery he had founded.
Apollonius established his monastery near Hermopolis (modern el-Ashmunein in the Minya Governorate of Upper Egypt), a provincial capital since the Old Kingdom and a major urban and trading hub in the Roman period. The city became an early Christian centre from the third century, and Christian tradition held it to have been a refuge of the Holy Family during their Egyptian exile. A 5th-century Coptic basilica some 55 metres long attests to its early Christian prominence. Siting his community there placed Apollonius at a significant centre of early Christianity in Middle Egypt.
He is attested by contemporary and near-contemporary sources rather than by later hagiographical tradition alone. The anonymous Greek Historia Monachorum in Aegypto, written about 395 and later translated into Latin by Rufinus of Aquileia, devotes Chapter 19 to him; he is also among the monks featured in the Lausiac History composed by Palladius of Galatia around 419–420 and addressed to Lausus, chamberlain at the court of Theodosius II. His appearance in both works shows he was noted by two major early monastic sources.
Beyond the OCA synaxarion, Apollonius the desert father is genuinely obscure. OrthodoxWiki has no article for him, and the relevant primary witnesses remain the Historia Monachorum (Chapter 19) and the Lausiac History. The OCA page for his feast also references Troparion and Kontakion texts for the commemoration.